Fast force volume (FFV) and quantitative imaging (QI) modes are thus developed based on FV mode for much faster force–distance curve acquiring. FV mode is a basic mode for all AFM instruments with its robustness in force–distance curve acquisition but is time-consuming with low sampling speed (usually <10 Hz). Taking mechanical property acquisition as an example, Force volume (FV) mode AFM performs mechanical mapping of a cell or cells through combining topography scanning with single-point force–distance curve arrays in the selected ranges (Hansma et al. With the development of AFM technology, more and more detecting modes are exploited. Nowadays, AFM achieves its highest resolutions to sub-nanometer of scanning and picoNewton (pN) of force, makes it possible to resolve even atomic arrangement and interactions (Sugimoto et al. In addition, localized mechanical properties of a cell or cells can also be extracted from corresponding force–distance curves of special sites based on contact mechanics theories (Sneddon 1965). Secondly, single-molecule force spectrum AFM upon ramp mode empowers us to investigate protein folding/unfolding and ligand-receptor interactions (Le et al. Firstly, it has been used to acquire material surface topography, chemical and electrical properties upon different scanning modes (Barbee et al.
AFM has been used widely with its mature operation and analysis system in the following two aspects of applications.
Many approaches like magnetic tweezer, micropipette aspiration, cone plate viscometer and atomic force microscopy (AFM) are optional for cell mechanical measurements with respective advantages (Long et al. Thus, global and high-speed mechanical property mapping with high spatial resolution is important for understanding the dynamic behaviors of cells. Mechanical features of cells are significant to cellular behaviors and fate decision in many biological processes such as cell migration, growth, and differentiation responses to mechanical stimuli (Calzado-Martín et al.
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